Will religion survive the Aquarian Age?

KopimismIn Sweden a new religion called “kopimism” is dedicated to the right to share files freely across the internet.  This religion has been officially recognized by the Swedish government as a lawful religion. Its sacred symbols are ctrl-c and ctrl-v (the PC keyboard shortcuts for copy and paste).  This is not a joke.

For the past 2150 years or so we have been in the Age of Pisces (see my earlier article for the delineations between the Great Ages and a discussion of when the Aquarian Age begins.)  The sign of Pisces is ruled by both Jupiter, its traditional ruler, and Neptune, its modern ruler.  Both Jupiter and Neptune are connected to the spiritual life, but where Neptune deals with matters of the Spirit in which worldly issues are transcended for the sake of an inner experience, Jupiter seeks meaning in life through building a theological construct and tenets that give us comfort and a sense of peace.  Any system of beliefs is a Jupiterian experience, and any divine or creative experience is an experience of Neptune. So the Piscean Age, which began sometime around the beginning of the common era (0 c.e.) has been the age of religious and spiritual experience.

age of piscesIt would be a mistake to say that Pisces itself is connected with religion specifically, because there is this image with Pisces of two fish swimming in opposite directions. At its best, Pisces works to integrate the spiritual life (Neptune) with the intellectual beliefs of Jupiter and in doing so one often obscures the other. The Piscean Age oversaw the greatest expansion of one religion that the world had ever known; it has also been the age of ignorance and deception (negative Pisces traits), during which religious fervor obscured a 2,000 year history of war and abuse by various religious establishments around the world. It’s no accident on an esoteric level that Christianity is symbolized by the Ichthys (fish) which was used as a secret symbol by early Christians to mark their meeting places.  The concept of fish factors prominently in the stories of Christianity, with Jesus as a fisher of men, converting loaves into fish, teaching men to fish.

But the Piscean Age also brought about a surge of mysticism and spiritual exploration of various kinds. Every major religion had its mystical branches, even the Roman Church in which such practices were banned in public but practiced in secret.  The idea that one can have a direct individual connection to the Divine violates the basic laws of the Church which required the intercession of the priestly class.

The Aquarian age is likely to be a very different story.  Aquarius also has a double rulership: Saturn is the traditional ruler and Uranus is the modern ruler, and never two did two different planets share a bed.  Saturn presides over structure and form and the status quo, and Uranus is dedicated to shattering the status quo and creating a New World Order where everyone is free and rational.  Because Saturn tends to be rather rigid it is often associated with the rigidity of religious doctrine, but Uranus is the planet of science and reason, neither of which are typically very supportive of religion.

There is no doubt that the presence of religion in our lives is changing, especially in the United States which, with Jupiter-ruled Sagittarius rising and Jupiter conjunct the Sun in the national chart is exceptionally tied to religious dogma.  A recent Pew study found that 28% of all adults surveyed had left the religion of their childhood, a rather astonishing number.

As we continue to move into the Aquarian Age, the force of “reason” is likely to dominate over spiritual experience, bringing another set of dangers.  The idea that in the Age of Aquarius “peace and love will rule the sky”  promulgated by the musical Hair is a fantasy.  If you ever read Animal Farm by George Orwell, a book about the dangers of communism where all are equal and none are free, you’ve seen the dark side of Aquarius in action.

Over the past 50 years or so since we’ve been in the transitional phase between the Piscean and Aquarian ages there has been a surge of new religions.  Neopagan and WIccan cults have gone almost mainstream.  The study of yoga has brought eastern religions into western thought.  Islam is one of the fastest growing religions in the world, followed closely by Bahai and Sikhism.

Will this proliferation of new religion and faiths mean an increase of peace and understanding, or continued religious warfare?  The choice is up to humanity and only time will tell.

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May 21st is a bad day for the Rapture

The Rapture May 21 2011WARNING:  tongue-in-cheek sarcasm ahead!

As you may know, the Rapture is scheduled for 6 pm tonight with a bang and a big earthquake, according to Harold Camping, leader of Family Radio Worldwide.

“Because the year 2011 AD is exactly 7,000 years after 4990 BC when the flood began, the Bible has given us absolute proof that the year 2011 is the end of the world during the Day of Judgment,” the website of Family Radio says.

“Amazingly, May 21, 2011 is the 17th day of the second month of the Biblical calendar of our day.

“Remember, the flood waters also began on the 17th day of the 2nd month, in the year 4990 BC,” it adds.

Camping claims that come 6pm, a powerful earthquake will be felt before all the noble spirits are transported off the earth.

Everyone left behind will then suffer until October 21, when God will pull the plug on entire planet.

I wonder if Camping has been reading Johan Calleman, whose research suggests that the end of the Mayan calendar is not December 21 2012,  but instead October 28, 2011.  I wonder what transpires between October 21st, when God pulls the plug on the planet, and October 28 when the world ends.

It’s also an interesting synchronicity that Comet Elenin will be at its closest to earth in mid-October, and some websites hypothesize that as the earth passes through the tail of the comet we will encounter some doomsday scenarios.  (NASA, of course, disagrees.)

In any case, Christian leaders are up in arms against Camping since Jesus made it very clear in the Bible (and everyone knows the Bible is nothing if not consistent) that no one knows the day or hour when Jesus will return.

Beth Turnage gives us a well-researched piece on the history of the Rapture here.    She makes an excellent astrological point:

Since we are talking about death, destruction and transformation ultimately we are talking about a Pluto process. That certain leaders are willing to exploit fear talks about a Saturn process. If we take a look at Saturday, May 21, 2011 we see Pluto at the apex of a T-Square, challenging Saturn, and also Uranus which represents sudden and unusual events. But as an aspect configuration it is not especially ominous. We’ve seen over the past few years the Saturn/Uranus opposition, the movement of Pluto in Capricorn and the Cardinal Grand Cross. The best we’ve seen is the meltdown of the world wide financial system and a nuclear reactor meltdown in Japan. Serious, but hardly world ending.

I would also like to point out that today we have a triple conjunction in Taurus that includes Mercury, Mars and Venus, and these three planets trine Pluto.  This is a very stable planetary configuration that suggests grounding and preservation.  Not the best day to raise the dead out of their comfortable in-ground homes.  The Sun has just entered Gemini, so there is an openness to ideas and a willingness to explore a variety of concepts and experiences, which could be of use in the Great Ascension.

At 6 pm tonight, when the Rapture is supposed to occur, the Moon has just completed a closing square to Jupiter.  In itself this could mean a release of some kind, but since the Moon has passed the point of the exact square (at 5:04 pm EDT)  it will be “void of course” which is not the best time to plan a big event like the Rapture.

So if the Rapture does not occur as planned, you can blame it on the void moon!

For daily planetary news, visit my Facebook and Twitter pages.

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Saturn in Libra: Testing the boundaries of marriage

Sister WivesSaturn as we know presides over structures that we create in our world and in our society, such as the institutions of government and marriage, which is a formalized relationship that is sanctioned by the State.  Libra is the sign of relationships between things, ideas, and people.  So when Saturn travels through Libra, the limits (Saturn) of relationships (Libra) are tested.

My generation has Saturn in Libra, and we were the first generation to question the need for marriage – much to the consternation of our parents, the Pluto in Cancer generation who saw their biggest fear come to pass:  the virtual destruction (Pluto) of the nuclear family (Cancer).  Saturn entered Libra in late 1950, a time of post-war prosperity and low divorce rates.  The solid commitments exemplified of the Ozzie and Harriet-type nuclear family became the American Dream: a happy family living in their own homes, enjoying a life of safety and security within the confines of the eternal commitment of marriage.

Saturn entered Libra this time around back in the fall of 2009, and we have seen a resurgence of the discussion over who has the right (Saturn) to wed (Libra).  Gay people?  Polygamists?

A new reality series called “Sister Wives” is bringing the practice of polygamy by fundamentalist Mormons into the light of day, and Utah police have begun investigations into the lives of the Browns, a family practicing polygamy under the auspices of the Apostolic United Brethren, the largest polygamous group in Utah that has worked hard to separate itself and its image from the FLDS, the group headed by Warren Jeffs and depicted in the television series “Big Love.”

Kody Brown believes that his family has not broken any polygamy laws because only one of this marriages are legal; the others were performed through commitment ceremonies, but regardless of whether the state of Utah finds grounds to arrest the family members, there is no doubt that this television show is creating discussion on what does constitute marriage, and who can marry.

It’s interesting to me that when the topic of gay marriage was first raised it was said that if gays were allowed to marry, polygamists would be next.  It appears this horse has left the barn, and under Saturn in Libra (through 2012) we will likely see continued discussion.

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The astrology of Anne Rice’s religion problem

Anne RiceGothic author Anne Rice announced last week that she was once again renouncing the Christianity of her youth.  Rice was raised as a Catholic but later described herself as an atheist.  During her early literary career she wrote darkly erotic novels under the name Anne Roquelaure before turning her love of New Orleans into a franchise of vampire novels.

Rice (October 4, 1941, New Orleans, time unknown) has a conjunction of Saturn to Chiron in her birthchart.  This is a dramatic combination of planets that often suggests that the native will undergo a series of painful (Chiron) events in their life in order to achieve deep and lasting personal transformation (Pluto).  Certainly this is true for Anne Rice: she lost her young daughter to leukemia in 1972 when Pluto (death and transformation) opposed her Moon (archetype of the mother and emotional nurturing).

Mercury is the planet that governs the manner in which we communicate and process information mentally, and in Rice’s chart Mercury is in Scorpio and in a challenging square to the Chiron/Pluto combination.  This is a Mercury/Pluto “double whammy” because Scorpio is ruled by Pluto and here we have Mercury in Scorpio, ruled by Pluto, in a square to Pluto (along with Chiron).  It’s no wonder that her writings (Mercury) have been a walk on the dark side (Pluto/Scorpio).  This combination also suggests that she thinks (Mercury) deeply (Pluto) about everything, and with her courageous Aries Moon she isn’t afraid of controversy or scandal.

All of this depth and intensity belies the Libra Sun, demonstrating that although the Sun is the biggest single element of the birthchart it is only one piece.   The Libra Sun seeks balance and harmony, but in Rice’s case that search comes in the midst of intensity (Pluto/Scorpio) and an intense personal journey (Chiron/Pluto).

Rice also has a conjunction of Saturn to Uranus in her chart.  (Geeky astrological detail: with Saturn at 28 Taurus and Uranus at 0 Gemini this is an “out of sign” conjunction and two degrees is about as big an orb as I’ll allow so this squeezes in there.) The Saturn/Uranus combination in any chart creates stress between conventionality (Saturn) and individuality (Uranus), and often these individuals vacillate between a desire to be a part of society with all of its trappings (Saturn) and a desire to flout convention and follow a more unique expression of one’s life (Uranus).

Neptune, the planet of spirituality and mysticism, forms a trine to the Saturn/Uranus combination which strengthens the spiritual component of the life and necessitates a direct experience of God and not just a theological one.  Neptune is in a challenging square to Jupiter, the planet that represents religion (in the sense that religion is a codification of our sense of what gives life meaning).

The Jupiter/Neptune square suggests an inner conflict between one’s personal theology (Jupiter) and spiritual experience (Neptune).  We see this mirrored in Rice’s own writings when she says “In the moment of surrender, I let go of all the theological or social questions which had kept me from [God] for countless years. I simply let them go.”  Called out of Darkness, 2008.

At the time that Rice returned to Christianity in 1998, after nearly 40 years as an atheist, occurred as transiting Pluto conjoined her progressed Sun and transiting Uranus was trine her natal Sun.  Because the Sun represents the “Self,” the quintessential being that we are apart from personality and the trappings of society, it’s no wonder that these two major planetary cycles a major change in the way in which she saw herself.  She also at that time slipped into a diabetic coma and was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes as Uranus (shocking change) opposed the Chiron/Pluto conjunction in her chart, revealing the illness (Chiron) that threatened her life (Pluto).

In 2004 she announced in a Newsweek article that she would write “only for the Lord.”  At the time transiting Pluto was opposing her natal Jupiter (religious theology), perhaps creating a sense of urgency within her regarding her own religious expression.  She had just lost over 100 pounds after gastric bypass surgery following the death of her husband, and transiting Pluto has a tendency to help us shed old skins that no longer fit us, just like the snake that is one of Pluto’s symbols.

We don’t know exactly where Anne Rice’s Moon lies in her chart because no birth time is available , but it is somewhere between 28 degrees Pisces and 10 degrees Aries so her Moon has likely been affected by the Cardinal Drama that has been in play astrologically since May of this year when Uranus entered Aries.

Rice has also been undergoing a multitude of planetary cycles to Saturn that tend to help us to define our lives:  Jupiter square Saturn, Chiron square Saturn, Neptune square Saturn, Uranus sextile Saturn, Saturn trine Saturn.  There is a sense that she is reaching out for stability and something real to underlie the religious conflicts that keep taking her in and out of a deeper spiritual connection.

It appears that Rice is now moving towards the Neptunian influence of a transcendent and personal experience and away from the Jupiterian dogmatic adherence to theology:

“I believed for a long time that the differences – the quarrels among Christians – didn’t matter a lot for the individual. That you live your life and stay out of it,” she wrote.

“But then I began to realise it wasn’t easy to do … I came to the conclusion that if I didn’t make this declaration, I was going to lose my mind.

“In the name of Christ, I refuse to be anti-gay. I refuse to be anti-feminist. I refuse to be anti-artificial birth control.

“In the name of Christ, I quit Christianity and being Christian. Amen.”

She said she would continue to be “an optimistic believer in a universe created and sustained by a loving God”.

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Cardinal drama in the news

I share this not to frighten you, but to demonstrate the power of the current planetary conflict.

  • Germany’s “Love Parade” festival turns into a nightmare after police (Saturn) tried to stop revelers from entering the area of the parade and were unable to control (Pluto) the crowd (Jupiter/Uranus). read more here.
  • Al Qaeda plants a flag in Baghdad after the murder of 23 Iraqi military fighters, demonstrating that the Uranus in Aries revolution is at hand. read more here.
  • Personal details of 100 million Facebook users have been published in a downloadable file on the internet. The square of Saturn (restriction) to Pluto (control) is being hammered by Mars, Jupiter and Uranus – all of the freedom and liberation planets, knocking the lid of any effort to enforce control of any kind right now. read more here.
  • This same influence is at work with the leak of classified Pentagon documents concerning the war in Afghanistan.

So be careful this weekend!  There’s a lot of energy stirring about and it can be used for positive transformational work if we stay aware and conscious.

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Cardinal Drama: Biggest intel leak in history

As Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Pluto align in the big Cardinal Drama that is 2010′s biggest astrological story, a shocking revelation of 90,000 classified intelligence report concerning the war in Afghanistan have  been leaked via the Wikileaks website:

WikiLeaks.org — a whistleblower website — published on Sunday what it says are more than 90,000 United States military and diplomatic reports about Afghanistan filed between 2004 and January of this year.

The first-hand accounts are the military’s own raw data on the war, including numbers killed, casualties, threat reports and the like, according to Julian Assange, the founder of the website.

“It is the total history of the Afghan war from 2004 to 2010, with some important exceptions — U.S. Special Forces, CIA activity, and most of the activity of other non-U.S. groups,” Assange said.

read more here…

More on the astrological significance later, but I wanted to post this story asap.

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Happy Resurrection Holiday!

This article is a repost from last year.  Tune in to Astrological Musings Radio Sunday morning at 11 am Eastern for a discussion about resurrection in personal transformation from an astrological perspective!  You can also call in with questions about your own chart.  For listening instructions and links visit my website.


Spring renewal.jpg

Art by Diane Clancy I have always found it interesting that the timing Christian holiday of Easter is based on the lunar cycle and the Spring Equinox.  The holiday that the Christian world celebrates as Easter retains much of its pagan roots as a fertility festival and a time of balance as the days and nights (in the northern hemispheres) are of equal length. Even the name “Easter” is taken from the Saxon fertility goddess Ostara or Eostre, who is related to Astarte in ancient Babylon and Ashtoreth in ancient Israel.  And the Easter bunny is, of course, an old pagan symbol of fertility.
The resurrection story of Jesus is virtually identical to the tale of the resurrection of the Phrygian god Attis who preceded him:  According to Gerald Berry’s Religions of the World: The Record of Man’s Religious Faiths Primitive rites, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, Christianity and others written in 1965, “About 200 B.C. mystery cults began to appear in Rome just as they had earlier in Greece. Most notable was the Cybele cult centered on Vatican hill …Associated with the Cybele cult was that of her lover, Attis (the older Tammuz, Osiris, Dionysus, or Orpheus under a new name). He was a god of ever-reviving vegetation. Born of a virgin, he died and was reborn annually. The festival began as a day of blood on Black Friday and culminated after three days in a day of rejoicing over the resurrection.”
Another interesting aspect to the timing of Easter is its combination of the solar and lunar calendar, taking place as it does on the first Sunday following the 14th day of the lunar month following the Equinox.  The Jewish festival of Passover, which was certainly celebrated by Jesus and his followers, takes place on the 15th day of the month of Nisan in the lunar calendar, which is the first Full Moon after the Equinox.  The ancient Christian leaders, probably wanting to differentiate their Easter holiday, uses an “ecclesiastical” full moon rather than the actual lunar event.  (Passover, however, is not a resurrection festival.)
Other ancient cultures celebrated the resurrection of their dying gods:  Osiris, Tammuz, Dionysus – all are gods who died and were reborn anew. In the Spring, when life springs forth anew from every tree and flower, there is a sense of resurrection and rebirth and an opportunity for a fresh new start. Even in Islam there are some stories (not universally accepted) that Mohammed ascended to heaven on a a white horse, although no effort is made to connect this phenomenon to the Spring resurrection festival.
Let us celebrate this renewal, no matter what our faith, and the beginnings of Spring!
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Why did Sandra Bullock marry Jesse James?

This whole debacle with Jesse James and the now eleven affairs he is supposed to have had during his marriage to Sandra Bullock, has me asking this question again.  Astrology provides a window into the motivation behind people’s actions, so I took a deeper look.

Sandra Bullock’s chart is not a very emotional one.  She has the Moon in reasonable and rational Aquarius, showing that her feelings (the Moon) tend to be filtered through the mind rather than the emotional body.  She has very little other water in her chart other than Saturn in Pisces, which shows a discomfort and fear (Saturn) of losing herself (Pisces), and Chiron is also in Pisces showing a wound (Chiron) in that same area.

In addition, with Venus (relating) in the changeable sign of Gemini, she is likely to need  a lot of space and air in her relationships. Chiron, the wounder and healer, is in a challenging square to Venus in Sandra’s chart which suggests that relationships are for her the greatest teachers but can sometimes lead to emotionally wrenching experiences.

Sandra met Jesse James in December 2003 when  transiting Pluto (transformation and compulsion) formed a challenging square to Chiron in Sandra’s chart and began to set off the Chiron/Venus system. Pluto transits call us deeper into the soul where we have to face parts of ourselves that have long been hidden, and Pluto transits to Venus also bring about intense relationship experiences that can be very difficult but which in the end teach us something about ourselves. Pluto transits to Chiron often have the effect of healing a deep wound within us, but can also serve to expose that wound so that it can be dealt with.

For the two years that Sandra and Jesse were dating, Pluto was engaged in this dance with Venus and Chiron in Sandra’s chart, stimulating her desire to heal (Chiron) her relationship issues (Venus).  Sandra was also in her “Neptune Square” between 2004 and 2005 during their relationship.  The Neptune Square occurs when transiting Neptune forms a challenging square to Neptune in our chart at around age 40-43, a planetary cycle that often creates confusion and the potential to be deluded (it also brings us more deeply into a spiritual life if handled properly).

When Sandra and Jesse married in July 2005,  she was in the middle of not only the Neptune Square, but also the Uranus Opposition (when transiting Uranus is opposite Uranus in the natal chart, stimulating rebellion and the desire for change).  These two cycles occur at the same time for everyone, making the early 40s a huge time of change and potentially chaotic.  The fact that Jesse James was different than anyone else she had ever dated (Uranus) and somewhat mysterious with a dark past (Pluto), as well as exceedingly romantic (Neptune)  made him an ideal candidate for this phase of Sandra’s life.

I can’t say I haven’t made similar choices in my own life, but I am happy to say that every bad choice I made helped to prepare me for the healthy and happy relationship I have now.  The mistake we make is in believing that our detours are errors instead of seeing them as learning experiences.  Of course this is much easier to accomplish when you’re not living in the goldfish bowl of Hollywood celebrity.

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Religion, Science & the Solstice

I really like this article that compares the spiritual observation of the Winter Solstice with the observations of science:

Religion and science occupy separate and opposed spheres, no? Not to our distant forebears, from whom all of our illumination festivals derive. They could not afford the facile dichotomy between the sacred and the profane that defines thinking since the Enlightenment, when people of the West sought to free themselves from the bane of superstition. For most of history, though, religion was not taken to be a flight from rationality, but a mode of it. Noting the intervals of nature that repeated themselves gave the ancients their liturgical cycles, but also the natural clock. The natural clock gave them measurement, and eventually the mechanical clock, from which ordered thought took off. The infinite universe and the abyss of individual consciousness both required attention, and the mind evolved to reach equally toward the macro and the micro, a bi-directional measuring that has brought us to where we are. The Hubble Telescope. Nanotech. The novels of James Joyce.

In the beginning, though, the winter cults by which the gods were worshipped were part of a generalized marking of the calendar that served the immediate purpose of survival. When humans had replaced opportunistic scavenging (“hunters and gatherers”) with agriculture (planting and herding), close attention to the sun and other heavenly bodies became a necessity, since livestock take mating cues from the quality of light, and cycles of the harvest equally depend on celestial predictability. Knowing how the moon wanes and waxes, and where the sun is in relation to the horizon had become ways to fend off starvation. The creatures who honored the gods with light in winter were honoring their own ability to think. …

What prompted humans to imagine that religious impulses and the rational quest for insight are at war with each other? Once it became clear that the sun would “return” whether or not blessed candles were lit, why did the idea of prayer come to seem naive? When mystical wonder was walled off from measurable observation, science restricted its range, and religion anathematized critical thinking – disasters both. But the festivals this week, sparked by this morning’s dawn, call to mind the age-old spaciousness of informed imagination. Happily, it remains so. Knowledge is holy.  ….

read more here… I particularly love the expression this author uses:  ”the age-old spaciousness of informed imagination.”  For that is what is practiced here!

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What Was The Start of Bethlehem?

This is an annual repost for the holidays.  For an in-depth discussion on this topic please tune in to Astrological Musings Radio Sunday morning, December 20 2009, at 11 am Eastern (or listen to the archived show later).  More details here.


In the 2,000 year old tale that we know as the Christmas story, three wise men came out of the east following a star to Bethlehem. The three wise men were Magi, members of the priestly class of Persia. Ancient historian Diodorus tells us that after Persia invaded Babylon, the Magi learned astrology from the Chaldeans as well as alchemy and other occult arts.There has been much debate over the centuries as to the identity of the Star that the Magi followed. In ancient astrology Jupiter, being King of the Gods, was associated with kings and Johannes Kepler in 1606 hypothesized that the Star was a conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn in Pisces in June of 2007. Astronomer Michael Molnar says:

Jupiter underwent two occultations (“eclipses”) by the Moon in Aries in 6 BC. Jupiter was the regal “star” that conferred kingships – a power that was amplified when Jupiter was in close conjunctions with the Moon. The second occultation on April 17 coincided precisely when Jupiter was “in the east,” a condition mentioned twice in the biblical account about the Star of Bethlehem. In August of that year Jupiter became stationary and then “went before” through Aries where it became stationary again on December 19, 6 BC. This is when the regal planet “stood over.” – a secondary royal portent also described in the Bible. In particular, there is confirmation from a Roman astrologer that the conditions of April 17, 6 BC were believed to herald the birth of a divine, immortal, and omnipotent person born under the sign of the Jews, which we now know was Aries the Ram
Looking at the chart for 4/17/0006 b.c.e. with our modern planets, there is a nearly exact Mystic Rectangle formed by an opposition between Pluto and Uranus which sextiles an opposition between Neptune and Mercury. Jupiter in Aries is at the exact midpoint of the Mercury/Uranus sextile. This is a powerful configuration that could bear out this theory.However, there was a slow moving comet in 5 b.c.e. that bears the hallmarks of the gospel stories . The gospel of Matthew reports that the comet “stood” over Bethlehem, and Chinese accounts of the comet in 5 b.c.e. said that it was visible in the sky for 70 days. Although in the middle ages comets were seen as portents of doom and disaster, in more ancient times comets were said to herald new dynasties. Colin Humphries has written a very convincing article promoting the Comet as the Star of Bethlehem.

The dating of the birth of Jesus at zero c.e. is due to an error by a monk named Dionysius Exiguus who was instructed in A.D. 533 to create a new calendar using Christ’s birth as a beginning point. The Gospel of Matthew states that Jesus was born during the time of Herod the King, but Herod died in 4 b.c.e.Because the Magi were astrologers and astronomers, it is more likely that they used a combination of astrological information to seek the star since they would not have been privy to the schedules of comets. However, the confluence of events that occurred during this period, combined with a high expectation of the imminence of a messiah to rescue the Jews from Roman subjugation, no doubt led to a flurry of messianic prophecy and excitement.

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